PLOS ONE: The Real maccoyii: Identifying Tuna Sushi with DNA Barcodes Contrasting Characteristic Attributes and Genetic Distances
Affiliations: Division of Vertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, United States of America, Department pastry display case of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology, pastry display case Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America X George Amato,
Affiliation: Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, United States of America X Published: November 18, 2009 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007866 Featured in PLOS Collections
The use of DNA barcodes for the identification of described species is one of the least controversial and most promising applications of barcoding. There is no consensus, however, as to what constitutes an appropriate identification standard pastry display case and most barcoding efforts simply attempt to pair a query sequence with reference sequences and deem identification successful if it falls within the bounds of some pre-established cutoffs using genetic distance. Since the Renaissance, however, most biological classification schemes have relied on the use of diagnostic characters to identify and place species. Methodology/Principal Findings
Here we developed a cytochrome c oxidase pastry display case subunit I character-based key for the identification of all tuna species of the genus Thunnus , and compared its performance with distance-based measures for identification of 68 samples of tuna sushi purchased from 31 restaurants in Manhattan (New York City) and Denver, Colorado. Both the character-based key and GenBank BLAST successfully identified 100% of the tuna samples, while the Barcode of Life Database (BOLD) as well as genetic distance thresholds, and neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree building performed poorly in terms of species identification. A piece of tuna sushi has the potential to be an endangered species, a fraud, or a health pastry display case hazard. All three of these cases were uncovered in this study. Nineteen restaurant establishments were unable to clarify or misrepresented what species they sold. Five out of nine samples pastry display case sold as a variant of white tuna were not albacore ( T. alalunga ), but escolar ( Lepidocybium flavorunneum ), a gempylid species banned pastry display case for sale in Italy and Japan due to health concerns. Nineteen samples were northern bluefin tuna ( T. thynnus ) or the critically endangered southern bluefin tuna ( T. maccoyii ), though nine restaurants that sold these species pastry display case did not state these species on their menus. Conclusions/Significance
The pastry display case Convention on International Trade Endangered Species (CITES) requires that listed species must be identifiable pastry display case in trade. This research fulfills this requirement for tuna, and supports the nomination pastry display case of northern bluefin tuna for CITES listing in 2010.
Citation: Lowenstein JH, Amato G, Kolokotronis S-O (2009) The Real maccoyii : Identifying Tuna Sushi with DNA Barcodes Contrasting Characteristic Attributes and Genetic Distances. PLoS ONE 4(11): e7866. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007866
Funding: This work was funded by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation ( http://www.sloan.org ) and the Richard Lounsbery Foundation ( http://rlounsbery.org ) to the American Museum of Natural History DNA Barcoding Initiative for Conservation. JHL received support from a National pastry display case Science Foundation Graduate Research pastry display case Fellowship, a Columbia University Faculty Fellowship, and the American Museum of Natural History Axelrod endowment. The Columbia University Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology provided funds for a portion of the samples. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation pastry display case of the manuscript.
The cognomen bluefin tuna encompasses three distinct species: southern bluefin tuna ( Thunnus maccoyii , Castelnau 1872), Pacific bluefin tuna ( T. orientalis , Temminck & Schlegel 1844), and northern bluefin tuna ( T. thynnus , Linnaeus 1758) [1] . As sushi, bluefin are unrivaled pastry display case in popularity, and the economic value per fish unmatched by any other species [2] . Immediate demand for bluefin has far outpaced efforts for long-term management threatening the persistence of this species triad. As a result, in a recently published sushi advisory pastry display case guide, a collective of conservation organizations urged consumers to avoid eating bluefin altogether [3] . Efforts to extend the public's appreciation of bluefin beyond sushi highlight iridescent grandeur [4] , [5] : fish that can exceed a ton in weight [6] , reach speeds of over 50 km/h [7] , cross ocean basins [8] , depths and temperatures [9] [11] , returning to spawn in the same ancestral waters [12] fished by people for millennia [13] . Efforts to garner reverence for bluefin and with it a popular prohibition against pastry display case consuming them are limited because tuna sushi is often made with less imperiled species. Distinguishing bluefin's sm
Affiliations: Division of Vertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, United States of America, Department pastry display case of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology, pastry display case Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America X George Amato,
Affiliation: Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, United States of America X Published: November 18, 2009 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007866 Featured in PLOS Collections
The use of DNA barcodes for the identification of described species is one of the least controversial and most promising applications of barcoding. There is no consensus, however, as to what constitutes an appropriate identification standard pastry display case and most barcoding efforts simply attempt to pair a query sequence with reference sequences and deem identification successful if it falls within the bounds of some pre-established cutoffs using genetic distance. Since the Renaissance, however, most biological classification schemes have relied on the use of diagnostic characters to identify and place species. Methodology/Principal Findings
Here we developed a cytochrome c oxidase pastry display case subunit I character-based key for the identification of all tuna species of the genus Thunnus , and compared its performance with distance-based measures for identification of 68 samples of tuna sushi purchased from 31 restaurants in Manhattan (New York City) and Denver, Colorado. Both the character-based key and GenBank BLAST successfully identified 100% of the tuna samples, while the Barcode of Life Database (BOLD) as well as genetic distance thresholds, and neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree building performed poorly in terms of species identification. A piece of tuna sushi has the potential to be an endangered species, a fraud, or a health pastry display case hazard. All three of these cases were uncovered in this study. Nineteen restaurant establishments were unable to clarify or misrepresented what species they sold. Five out of nine samples pastry display case sold as a variant of white tuna were not albacore ( T. alalunga ), but escolar ( Lepidocybium flavorunneum ), a gempylid species banned pastry display case for sale in Italy and Japan due to health concerns. Nineteen samples were northern bluefin tuna ( T. thynnus ) or the critically endangered southern bluefin tuna ( T. maccoyii ), though nine restaurants that sold these species pastry display case did not state these species on their menus. Conclusions/Significance
The pastry display case Convention on International Trade Endangered Species (CITES) requires that listed species must be identifiable pastry display case in trade. This research fulfills this requirement for tuna, and supports the nomination pastry display case of northern bluefin tuna for CITES listing in 2010.
Citation: Lowenstein JH, Amato G, Kolokotronis S-O (2009) The Real maccoyii : Identifying Tuna Sushi with DNA Barcodes Contrasting Characteristic Attributes and Genetic Distances. PLoS ONE 4(11): e7866. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007866
Funding: This work was funded by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation ( http://www.sloan.org ) and the Richard Lounsbery Foundation ( http://rlounsbery.org ) to the American Museum of Natural History DNA Barcoding Initiative for Conservation. JHL received support from a National pastry display case Science Foundation Graduate Research pastry display case Fellowship, a Columbia University Faculty Fellowship, and the American Museum of Natural History Axelrod endowment. The Columbia University Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology provided funds for a portion of the samples. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation pastry display case of the manuscript.
The cognomen bluefin tuna encompasses three distinct species: southern bluefin tuna ( Thunnus maccoyii , Castelnau 1872), Pacific bluefin tuna ( T. orientalis , Temminck & Schlegel 1844), and northern bluefin tuna ( T. thynnus , Linnaeus 1758) [1] . As sushi, bluefin are unrivaled pastry display case in popularity, and the economic value per fish unmatched by any other species [2] . Immediate demand for bluefin has far outpaced efforts for long-term management threatening the persistence of this species triad. As a result, in a recently published sushi advisory pastry display case guide, a collective of conservation organizations urged consumers to avoid eating bluefin altogether [3] . Efforts to extend the public's appreciation of bluefin beyond sushi highlight iridescent grandeur [4] , [5] : fish that can exceed a ton in weight [6] , reach speeds of over 50 km/h [7] , cross ocean basins [8] , depths and temperatures [9] [11] , returning to spawn in the same ancestral waters [12] fished by people for millennia [13] . Efforts to garner reverence for bluefin and with it a popular prohibition against pastry display case consuming them are limited because tuna sushi is often made with less imperiled species. Distinguishing bluefin's sm
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